12 cranial nerves pdf

Ophthalmoscope used for observing retina, optic disc, and blood vessels. Damage to the retina usually results in blindness to the affected eye. Damage beyond the optic chiasma will present partial visual losses.

III Oculomotor. Watch for crossing of eyes during convergence. Damage to this modality may cause paralysis of all extraocular muscles except the superior oblique and lateral rectus. This produces lateral strabismus and inability to look vertically.

Also ptosis eyelid drooping. Examine patient for pupillary reflex with light shining on and off in each eye. Observe and compare contractions and dilations in affected and unaffected eyes. Damage to this modality will produce lack of pupillary reflex, dilated pupils, and lack of changes in pupil at close focus. IV Trochlear. Analysis of function is performed during testing of the oculomotor nerve. Damage to this nerve causes double vision and inability to rotate the eye inferolaterally. V Trigeminal Ophthalmic division V 1.

Test for corneal reflex with whisp of cotton. Prick forehead with pin pain , apply warm and cold objects temperature. Damage to this division will inhibit the corneal reflex and will reduce or inhibit sensation over the V 1 zone. Maxillary division V 2.

Stroke sensory zone of V 2 with eyes closed light touch , prick with pin pain , apply warm and cold objects temperature. Damage to this division will reduce or inhibit sensation over the V 2 zone. Mandibular division V 3. Stroke sensory zone of V 3 with eyes closed light touch , prick with pin pain , apply warm and cold objects temperature.

Damage to this division will reduce or inhibit sensation over the V 3 zone. Ask patient to clench jaws, open, then move jaw side to side with resistance. Muscle strength in the temporalis and masseter should be compared from side to side by palpation. Damage in this modality may cause paralysis of the muscles of mastication, thus causing the jaw to deviate same side as the lesion.

VI Abducens. Damage to this nerve causes double vision and paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle, thus the eye remains rotated medially on the affected side. VII Facial. Observe tearing with pungent fumes ammonia. Damage to this modality will reduce or inhibit the ability to secrete tears from the affected side.

Mucus production in the nasal cavity and salivary gland secretions from the submandibular and sublingual glands is more difficult to evaluate. Observe symmetry of face when asked to close eyes, frown, smile, whistle, raise eyebrows.

Look for flacid sagging of face. Damage to this modality, such as in stroke, causes a paralysis of the muscles of facial expression, which causes the face to sag and an inability to make facial expressions on the affected side.

Test with a tuning fork by air and bone conduction. Loss of hearing by air conduction indicates a lesion or damage to the middle ear. Loss by bone conduction indicates nerve deafness. Vestibular division. GSA SP. Test walking a straight line, dizziness. Watch for rapid eye movements. Damage to the vestibular division elicits dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and uncontrolled rapid eye movement. Test for gag reflex and swallowing and position of the uvula during this procedure.

Damage to this modality would reduce or inhibit the gag reflex and produce difficulty in swallowing. Sensation to the carotid body and sinus would also be lost, thereby altering blood pressure and oxygen tension in the bloodstream. Observe saliva flow from the parotid duct. Damage to this modality would reduce or inhibit saliva secretion from the parotid gland.

X Vagus c. Damage to this component will prevent the palate from being elevated and will make swallowing and speech difficult. XI Accessory d. Have patient shrug shoulders and rotate head against resistance. Damage to this modality would reduce or inhibit the movement of the head and shoulders. Have patient protrude and retract tongue. Damage to this nerve will cause the tongue to deviate toward the affected side on protrusion, and that side will appear shrunken and wrinkled. Join am-medicine Group.

You may also like. Olfactory epithelial cells. Olfactory nerves. Ganglion cells of retina. Rods and cones. Nucleus III. Eye movement. Edinger-Westphal nucleus. Contraction of pupil and accomodation. Mesencephalic nucleus V. Ocular muscles. Kinesthetic sense. Document Information click to expand document information Description: 12 Cranial Nerves 1. Did you find this document useful?

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